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The Gathering Storm
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Historical SummaryWORLD WAR II opened with the German Blitzkrieg, or "lightning war," in Poland, and it was followed by a relatively quiet period in Western Europe which the Germans called the Sitzkrieg, or the "sitting war," the British the "twilight war," and the American press the "phony war." With his campaign in Eastern Europe successfully accomplished, Hitler freed the bulk of his forces and turned them against Scandinavia. The victory of the Germans in Norway led to intense criticism against Prime Minister Chamberlain, who was regarded as responsible for Britain’s lack of preparedness. On May 10, 1940, the king turned to Winston Churchill, who formed a National coalition government. Several days later, Churchill appeared before Parliament and made his famous speech offering his countrymen nothing but "blood, tears and sweat," and defining his policy as one "to wage war, by sea, land, and air, with all our might and with all the strength that God can give us." He received a unanimous vote of confidence. In a series of monumental volumes, Churchill has contributed invaluable insights into high-level conferences and military events. Seldom before has one of the world’s great men written such an incomparable narrative of the history he helped to shape. Churchill tells how he was called to the helm of Britain during the dark days of the war. The following passage, taken from The Gathering Storm (1948), one of the volumes of a masterful series, is as significant for its self-revelations as for its authentic firsthand material.
Key Quote"My warnings over the last six years had been so numerous, so detailed, and were now so terribly vindicated, that no one could gainsay me."
Winston Churchill
Boston
1948
Houghton Mifflin Company
Winston Churchill Begins His Walk With Destiny
[1940]
The morning of the tenth of May dawned, and with it came tremendous news. Boxes with telegrams poured in from the Admiralty, the War Office, and the Foreign Office. The Germans had struck their long-awaited blow. Holland and Belgium were both invaded. The frontiers bad been crossed at numerous points. The whole movement of the German Army upon the invasion of the Low Countries and of France had begun.
At about ten o’clock, Sir Kingsley Wood came to see me, having just been with the Prime Minister. He told me that Mr. Chamberlain was inclined to feel that the great battle which had broken upon us made it necessary for him to remain at his post. Kingsley Wood told him that, on the contrary, the new crisis made it all the more necessary to have a National Government, which alone could confront it, and he added that Mr. Chamberlain
had accepted this view. At eleven o’clock I was again summoned to Downing Street by the Prime Minister. There once more I found. Lord Halifax. We took our seats at the table opposite Mr. Chamberlain, He told as that he was satisfied that it was beyond his power to form a National Govern-meat. The response he had received from the Labour leaders left him in on doubt of this. The question, therefore, was whom he should advise the King to send for after his own resignation had been accepted. His demeanor was cool, unruffled, and seemingly quite detached from the personal aspect of the affair. He looked at us both across the table.
I have had many important interviews in my public life, and this was certainly the most important. Usually I talk a great deal, but on this occasion I was silent. Mr. Chamberlain evidently had in his mind the stormy scene in the House of Commons two nights before, when I had seemed to be in such heated controversy with the Labour Party. Although this had been in his support and defence, he nevertheless felt that it might be an obstacle to my obtaining their adherence at this juncture. I do not recall the actual words he used, but this was the implication. His biographer, Mr. Felling, states definitely that he preferred Lord Halifax. As I remained silent, a very long pause ensued. It certainly seemed longer than the two minutes which one observes in the commemorations of Armistice Day. Then at length Halifax spoke. He said that he felt that his position as a peer, out of the House of Commons, would make it very difficult for him to discharge the duties of Prime Minister in a war like this. He would be held responsible for everything, but would not have the power to guide the assembly upon whose confidence the life of every Government depended. He spoke for some minutes in this sense, and by the time he had finished, it was clear that the duty would fall upon me—had in fact fallen upon me. Then, for the first time, I spoke. I said I would have no communication with either of the Opposition Parties until I had the King’s commission to form a Government. On this the momentous conversation came to an end, and we reverted to our ordinary easy and familiar manners of men who had worked for years together and whose lives in and out of office had been spent in all the friendliness of British politics, I then went back to the Admiralty, where, as well may be imagined, much awaited me.
The Dutch ministers were in my room. Haggard and worn, with horror in their eyes, they had just flown over from Amsterdam. Their country had been attacked without the slightest pretext or warning. The avalanche of fire and steel had rolled across the frontiers, and when resistance broke out and the Dutch frontier guards fired, an overwhelming onslaught was made from the air. The whole country was in a state of wild confusion; the long-prepared defence scheme had been put into operation; the dykes were opened; the waters spread far and wide. But the Germans had already crossed the outer lines, and were now streaming across the causeway which enclosed the Zuyder Zee. Could we do anything to prevent this? Luckily, we had a flotilla not far away, and this was immediately ordered to sweep the causeway with fire, and take the heaviest toll possible of the swarming invaders. The Queen was still in Holland, but it did. not seem she could remain there long.
As a consequence of these discussions, a larger number of orders were dispatched by the Admiralty to all our ships in the neighborhood, and close relations were established with the Royal Dutch Navy. . . . The decisive stroke of the enemy was not to be a turning movement on the flank, but a break through the main front. This none of us or the French, who were in responsible command, foresaw. Earlier in the year I had, in a published interview, warned these neutral countries of the fate which was impending upon them and which was evident from the troop dispositions and road and rail development, as well as from the captured German plans. My words had been resented.
In the splintering crash of this vast battle, the quiet conversations we had had in Downing Street faded or fell back in one’s mind. However, I remember being told that Mr. Chamberlain had gone, or was going, to see the King, and this was naturally to be expected. Presently a message arrived summoning me to the Palace at six o’clock. It only takes two minutes to drive there from the Admiralty along the Mall. Although I suppose the evening newspapers must have been full of the terrific news from the Continent, nothing had been mentioned about the Cabinet crisis. The public had not had time to take in what was happening either abroad or at home, and there was no crowd about the Palace gates.
I was taken immediately to the King. His Majesty received me most graciously and bade me sit down. He looked at me searchingly and quizzically for some moments, and then said: "I suppose you don’t know why I have sent for you?" Adopting his mood, I replied: "Sir, I simply couldn’t imagine why." He laughed and said: "I want to ask you to form a Government." I said I would certainly do so.
The King had made no stipulation about the Government being national in character, and I felt that my commission was in no formal way dependent upon this point. But in view of what had happened, and the conditions which had led to Mr. Chamberlain’s resignation, a Government of national character was obviously inherent in the situation. If I had found it impossible to come to terms with the Opposition Parties, I should not have been constitutionally debarred from trying to form the strongest Government possible of all who would stand by the country in the hour of peril, provided that such a Government could command a majority in the House of Commons. I told the King that I would immediately send for the leaders of the Labour and Liberal Parties, that I proposed to form a War Cabinet of five or six Ministers, and that I hoped to let him have at least five names before midnight. On this I took my leave and returned to the Admiralty. . . .
Thus, then, on the night of the tenth of May at the outset of this mighty battle, I acquired the chief power in the State, which henceforth I wielded in evergrowing measure for five years and three months of world war, at the end of which time, all our enemies having surrendered unconditionally or being about to do so, I was immediately dismissed by the British electorate from all further conduct of their affairs.
During these last crowded days of the political crisis, my pulse had not quickened at any moment. I took it all as it came. But I cannot conceal
from the reader of this truthful account that as I went to bed at about 3 A.M., I was conscious of a profound sense of relief. At last I had the authority to give directions over the whole scene. I felt as if I were walking with Destiny, and that all my past life had been but a preparation for this hour and for this trial. Eleven years in the political wilderness had freed me from ordinary party antagonisms. My warnings over the last six years had been so numerous, so detailed, and were now so terribly vindicated, that no one could gainsay me. I could not be reproached either for making the war or with want of preparation for it. I thought I knew a good deal about it all, and I was sure I should not fail. Therefore, although impatient for the morning, I slept soundly and had no need for cheering dreams. Facts are better than dreams.
Contents:
Chicago: Winston Churchill, "Winston Churchill Begins His Walk With Destiny," The Gathering Storm, ed. Winston Churchill in History in the First Person: Eyewitnesses of Great Events: They Saw It Happen, ed. Louis Leo Snyder and Richard B. Morris (Harrisburg, Pa.: Stackpole Co., 1951), Original Sources, accessed November 21, 2024, http://originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=WY6Y4LNPWB8PDYX.
MLA: Churchill, Winston. "Winston Churchill Begins His Walk With Destiny." The Gathering Storm, edited by Winston Churchill, in History in the First Person: Eyewitnesses of Great Events: They Saw It Happen, edited by Louis Leo Snyder and Richard B. Morris, Harrisburg, Pa., Stackpole Co., 1951, Original Sources. 21 Nov. 2024. http://originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=WY6Y4LNPWB8PDYX.
Harvard: Churchill, W, 'Winston Churchill Begins His Walk With Destiny' in The Gathering Storm, ed. . cited in 1951, History in the First Person: Eyewitnesses of Great Events: They Saw It Happen, ed. , Stackpole Co., Harrisburg, Pa.. Original Sources, retrieved 21 November 2024, from http://originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=WY6Y4LNPWB8PDYX.
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