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Op. Cit.
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Historical SummaryWitch doctors, secret societies, and religious cults are developed in different degrees and of different kinds throughout Africa, and have various relations to political organization. In some tribes the chief is in alliance with the juju, poro, or other societies but there is no evidence that political rule ever originates in or is transferred to these men’s organizations. In some cases, however, and in certain directions they may exercise more power than the chief. A situation of this kind is described by Westermann for the Kpelle:
The power of the head chief is very much restricted through the influence of the leader of the poro society who as religious head of the community and spiritual superior of the whole population often forces his policies upon him. He can appoint meetings at which the chief has to appear and he can also exclude the chief from such meetings, and in critical situations, such as disputes between two localities of the same kingdom or between the kingdoms, he may complicate matters by arranging a witch trial or beginning a course of instruction in the poro society. While the head chief is responsible to the elders for all his decisions the poro leader passes his sentences independently, even death sentences, and carries them out through his secret agents.2
2Westermannn/an/an/an/an/an/a, , 94 (Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht. By permission).
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Chicago:
"Op. Cit.," Op. Cit. in Primitive Behavior: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, ed. Thomas, William I. (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937), Original Sources, accessed July 3, 2025, http://originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=ZUH1571QND8X1X1.
MLA:
. "Op. Cit." Op. Cit., in Primitive Behavior: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, edited by Thomas, William I., New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937, Original Sources. 3 Jul. 2025. http://originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=ZUH1571QND8X1X1.
Harvard:
, 'Op. Cit.' in Op. Cit.. cited in 1937, Primitive Behavior: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, ed. , McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York. Original Sources, retrieved 3 July 2025, from http://originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=ZUH1571QND8X1X1.
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