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Historical SummaryA somewhat highly organized form of unlearned behavior is seen in the nest-building activities of rats. All rats, male and female, begin to build nests from the time of weaning—about the twentieth day—and their activities are regulated somewhat by the temperature; they build more in cold weather. But the wave of activity is highest in females just before parturition and during lactation. Females having the first litter, those blinded, and those deprived of the sense of smell are indistinguishable from normal females in their preparations for the delivery and care of their young. Sturman-Hulbe and Stone emphasize the view that the activation of this behavior is dependent more on internal than on external factors:
The parturient rat manifests a strong nest building tendency which is closely associated with the birth and care of her young. This wave of activity is stronger than similar nesting responses evokable by thermal deficiency in all rats beyond the age of infancy. It appears to be activated primarily by factors arising within the parturient female rather than from stimuli of the external environment. . . .
Primiparous females displayed nesting activities and responses directed toward the delivery, cleansing, suckling, and general care of their young that differed in no observed manner from those of multiparous animals. Likewise healthy blind and anosmic animals were not distinguishable from normal animals in these respects. . . .
Another phenomenon strikingly absurd from the layman’s point of view appears occasionally among parturient females whose nesting materials are adequate, but strictly limited in amount. During the evenings, especially, the female leaves the nest and busies herself in its repair or enlargement. From time to time she sallies forth to other parts of the cage in search of bits of shavings, paper, etc. Eventually there is nothing more to be had; nevertheless, the search continues. Then the female may go to the farther corner of the cage, turn partially around, notice her tail, pick it up in her mouth, carry it back to the nest, and deposit it on the nest materials. Sometimes it is pushed into place with her forepaws after it is dropped. Again she goes out on another search which ends as before in her "waltzing" back, tail in mouth. Such stereotyped responses may go on for a half hour or more in a single evening. In one pregnant female housed on a floor of hardware cloth and with no nesting materials, this act was repeated over and over again during the 12-hour period prior to parturition. Actions of this type strongly suggest to the writers the presence of a strong inner driving factor back of nesting responses which finds expression even though the normal provocative objects are absent and only poor "equivalents" are found. Fundamentally, the act is a perversion, if we use this term in its literal sense.1
1Sturman-Hulbe, M.n/an/an/an/an/a, and C.P.Stonen/an/an/an/a, "Maternal Behavior in the Albino Rat," , 9: 234, 235, 208–209.
Chicago: Jour. Comp. Psychol. in Primitive Behavior: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, ed. Thomas, William I. (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937), Original Sources, accessed November 22, 2024, http://originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=BTDKNFVARNBYW7X.
MLA: . Jour. Comp. Psychol., Vol. 9, in Primitive Behavior: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, edited by Thomas, William I., New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937, Original Sources. 22 Nov. 2024. http://originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=BTDKNFVARNBYW7X.
Harvard: , Jour. Comp. Psychol.. cited in 1937, Primitive Behavior: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, ed. , McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York. Original Sources, retrieved 22 November 2024, from http://originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=BTDKNFVARNBYW7X.
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