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U.S. Code, Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, Appendix
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General SummaryThe U.S. Code is a consolidation and codification by subject matter of the general and permanent laws of the United States. While every effort has been made to ensure that this reproduction of the Code is accurate, those using it for legal purposes should verify their results against the printed version of the Code available through the Government Printing Office.
Rule 44. Proof of Official Record
(a) Authentication.
(1) Domestic. An official record kept within the United States, or any state, district, commonwealth, or within a territory subject to the administrative or judicial jurisdiction of the United States, or an entry therein, when admissible for any purpose, may be evidenced by an official publication thereof or by a copy attested by the officer having the legal custody of the record, or by the officer’s deputy, and accompanied by a certificate that such officer has the custody. The certificate may be made by a judge of a court of record of the district or political subdivision in which the record is kept, authenticated by the seal of the court, or may be made by any public officer having a seal of office and having official duties in the district or political subdivision in which the record is kept, authenticated by the seal of the officer’s office.
(2) Foreign. A foreign official record, or an entry therein, when admissible for any purpose, may be evidenced by an official publication thereof; or a copy thereof, attested by a person authorized to make the attestation, and accompanied by a final certification as to the genuineness of the signature and official position (i) of the attesting person, or (ii) of any foreign official whose certificate of genuineness of signature and official position relates to the attestation or is in a chain of certificates of genuineness of signature and official position relating to the attestation. A final certification may be made by a secretary of embassy or legation, consul general, consul, vice consul, or consular agent of the United States, or a diplomatic or consular official of the foreign country assigned or accredited to the United States. If reasonable opportunity has been given to all parties to investigate the authenticity and accuracy of the documents, the court may, for good cause shown, (i) admit an attested copy without final certification or (ii) permit the foreign official record to be evidenced by an attested summary with or without a final certification. The final certification is unnecessary if the record and the attestation are certified as provided in a treaty or convention to which the United States and the foreign country in which the official record is located are parties.
(b) Lack of Record. A written statement that after diligent search no record or entry of a specified tenor is found to exist in the records designated by the statement, authenticated as provided in subdivision (a)(1) of this rule in the case of a domestic record, or complying with the requirements of subdivision (a)(2) of this rule for a summary in the case of a foreign record, is admissible as evidence that the records contain no such record or entry.
(c) Other Proof. This rule does not prevent the proof of official records or of entry or lack of entry therein by any other method authorized by law.
(As amended July 28, 1988, eff. Nov. 1, 1988; Sept. 25, 1992, eff. Jan. 1, 1993.)
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Chicago: "U.S. Congress, Office of the Law Revision Counsel", "Rule 44. Proof of Official Record," U.S. Code, Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, Appendix in U.S. Code, Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, Appendix (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2002), Original Sources, accessed December 26, 2024, http://originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=8R17L494YR7VYQI.
MLA: "U.S. Congress, Office of the Law Revision Counsel". "Rule 44. Proof of Official Record." U.S. Code, Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, Appendix, in U.S. Code, Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, Appendix, Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office, 2002, Original Sources. 26 Dec. 2024. http://originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=8R17L494YR7VYQI.
Harvard: "U.S. Congress, Office of the Law Revision Counsel", 'Rule 44. Proof of Official Record' in U.S. Code, Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, Appendix. cited in 2002, U.S. Code, Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, Appendix, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.. Original Sources, retrieved 26 December 2024, from http://originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=8R17L494YR7VYQI.
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