Mason v. Missouri, 179 U.S. 328 (1900)
Mason v. Missouri
No. 258
Argued October 25-26, 1900
Decided December 10, 1900
179 U.S. 328
ERROR TO THE SUPREME COURT
OF THE STATE OF MISSOURI
Syllabus
The Supreme Court of the Missouri having decided that the provision of the state constitution respecting the enactment of registration laws does not limit the power of the General Assembly to create more than one class composed of cities having a population in excess of one hundred thousand inhabitants, this conclusion must be accepted by this Court.
The general right to vote in the Missouri is primarily derived from the state, and the elective franchise, if one of the fundamental privileges and immunities of the citizens of St. Louis, as citizens of Missouri and of the United States, is clearly such franchise, as regulated and established by the laws or constitution of the state in which it is to be exercised.
The power to classify cities with reference to their population having been exercised, in this case, in conformity with the constitution of the state, the circumstance that the registration law in force in the City of St. Louis was made to differ in essential particulars from that which regulated the conduct of elections in other cities in the Missouri, does not in itself deny to the citizens of St. Louis the equal protection of the laws, nor did the exercise by the General Assembly of Missouri of the discretion vested in it by law give rise to a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.
By an act of the General Assembly of the State of Missouri, approved on May 31, 1895, provision was made for the registration of voters in cities which then had or thereafter might have a population of over 100,000 inhabitants. This law became operative in the Cities of St. Louis, Kansas City, and St. Joseph. On June 19, 1899, the Governor of Missouri approved an act of the General Assembly, known as the Nesbit Law, which made provision for the registration of voters in cities in Missouri which then had or might thereafter have a population of over 300,000 inhabitants. At the time the Nesbit law went into operation, it affected only the City of St. Louis, which was the only city in Missouri having a population of over 300,000 inhabitants.
The defendant relators were appointed a board of election commissioners under the Nesbit Law, and certain expenditures having been incurred in carrying the law into effect, the board applied to the plaintiff in error, in his official capacity as Auditor of the City of St. Louis, to examine, audit, and pass upon the accounts of the board, as required by law. Compliance with such request having been refused, the present litigation was commenced by the filing on January 5, 1900, in the Supreme Court of Missouri of a petition for a writ of mandamus to compel the performance by the plaintiff in error of the duty in question. An alternative writ having issued, a return was filed in which it was averred that the law under which the relators claimed to act was void because repugnant both to the Constitution of Missouri and the Constitution of the United States. The incompatibility between the law in question and the Constitution of the United States was rested upon the contention that the provision of the law
deprives the citizens of the United States residing in the City of St. Louis of their right to the equal protection of the laws, and imposes on citizens of said city unconstitutional requirements as preliminary to their right to vote and hold office.
Issue having been joined by the filing of a reply, the matter was heard by the Supreme Court of Missouri, and that court awarded a peremptory writ. 155 Mo. 486. It also overruled a petition for a rehearing. A writ of error was thereupon allowed by the chief justice of the state supreme court.
As the most convenient form of stating the contentions of the plaintiff in error, we excerpt from the brief of counsel a statement of the proposition relied on:
We maintain that this Nesbit Law does deny to the citizens of St. Louis the equal protection of the laws in these respects:
(a) It denies them the right of appeal to any court from the action of the precinct boards of registration and from the action of the board of election commissioners in striking their names from the registration lists as qualified voters, while in cities of 100,000 inhabitants and up to 300,000 inhabitants, under the provisions of the law of 1895, this right is secured. It is secured so completely by the last-named law that an appeal lies even to the highest court of the state.
(b) It denies them the right of appeal to any court or judicial tribunal from the action of the precinct boards of registration or from the action of the election commissioners in admitting to registration, or in refusing to strike from the registration lists of qualified voters, persons who are not entitled to register or to vote -- a right secured to all citizens by the law of 1895 in cities and counties of 100,000 and not exceeding 300,000 inhabitants.
(c) It allows a partisan board to add hundreds and even thousands of names to the registration lists, which names are unknown to the voters till the day of election, and have been subjected to no canvass as to their right to remain on the lists as registered qualified voters. If a citizen of St. Louis registers in his own precinct under the Nesbit Law, or names are placed on the registration lists in the precinct by the precinct boards of registration during the three days allowed by the law for registration in the precinct, the Nesbit Law requires, as does the law of 1895, that the clerks, representing parties of opposite politics, shall go together to each house or room from which the party registers and ascertain by personal inquiry whether or no the party registered actually resides at that place.
But if the party has registered at the office of the board of election commissioners, which he may do on all such days on which registration is not conducted in the precincts, which days of precinct registration are the Tuesday four weeks before the election, the Saturday following, and the third Tuesday before the election, and which he may do even on the Thursday, Friday, and Saturday immediately preceding the election, there is no canvass or examination whatever provided by the Nesbit Law of his right to do so; his name is placed on the registration and poll books by the commissioners, their deputy or clerks -- all appointed by vote of a majority of the board -- and it appears on the day of election as the name of a qualified voter of the precinct. Thus, a marked distinction is made by the Nesbit Law between those who register or have their names placed on the registration lists at the office of the election commissioners and those who register in their own precinct. The latter are subjected to close and bipartisan scrutiny; the former go unchallenged and uncontested. Under the law of 1895, this cannot occur, for no registration under that law can be made in the office of the board of election commissioners, but all must be made in the several precincts, and all is subject to rigid bipartisan scrutiny and canvass. This latter is the law in all cities of 100,000 and up to 300,000 inhabitants, and the former is the Nesbit Law for all cities -- meaning St. Louis alone -- of over 300,000 inhabitants.
(d) Under the Nesbit Law, the judges and clerks of election for each precinct, who are also the registration and canvassing officers for those precincts, are all appointed by vote of a majority of the board of election commissioners -- a majority necessarily partisan. This majority selects them arbitrarily -- true, the law says they shall be of "opposite politics" -- but whether of opposite politics or not, whether fit persons or not, whether intelligent or not, is left to the uncontrolled, arbitrary, and exclusive determination of the majority of the board. This in St. Louis alone. In all other cities of 100,000 and up to 300,000 inhabitants, "the commissioner or commissioners shall select the judges and clerks to represent the party to which said commissioner or commissioners belong," and the person selected shall be intelligent, educated, etc., and "shall be recognized members of the party from which selected." The names of those selected shall be filed in the circuit court and published, and any elector may file objections to the persons so selected, and have his objections heard and determined by the court. If sustained, new names are submitted by the commissioners until fit persons are secured, and, that being done, the appointments made by the commissioners are confirmed by the court. The court names no one; it only hears and passes on names objected to and then confirms the approved appointees of the commissioners.
(e) The Nesbit Law is so partisan as to deny to all citizens in St. Louis not members of the political party to which the two majority members of the board belong the equal protection of the law. This is apparent on the face of the law. In this respect, it is in strong contrast with the law of 1895. In our statement, we have set forth the leading features of the two laws, and we will not repeat them here, but refer to that statement in support of this proposition. Where a state recognizes political parties by its laws, as does the State of Missouri by numerous provisions, then it must do so equally for all; it must grant to all its citizens equality of right and protection, and this it has not done in the enactment of this Nesbit Law, and in that has violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. It has done this not only as between St. Louis and all other cities of over 100,000 inhabitants, but in St. Louis itself it has made such distinction between parties in that city as to deprive all citizens of that city, who are not members of the political party to which the majority of the board belongs, of the equal protection of the law.
(f) The Nesbit Law involves a denial of the equal protection of the laws in that it provides penalties which are different in degree and character for offenses than are prescribed for the same offenses by the law of 1895 and by the general statutes of the state -- that is, the same offense committed in the City of St. Louis is punished one way under the Nesbit Law; if committed in Kansas City or St. Joseph, or in any other City of 100,000 and not having 300,000 inhabitants, it is punished in another way under the law of 1895, and if committed in the state at large, it is punished in yet another way under the general laws. Furthermore, certain acts are crimes if committed in one locality in the state, but not so when committed in another.
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(g) The law also imposes unconstitutional requirements on the citizens of St. Louis as requisite to the right to vote, in that it provides that a voter shall have resided in his election precinct at least twenty days prior to the election, and is not "directly interested in any bet or wager depending upon the result of the election." No such requirements are in article 8 of the state constitution; to enforce them on the citizens of St. Louis is for the legislature to attempt to add tests to them not authorized by the state constitution, and not applied to the other citizens of this state.