Cosmopolitan Mining Co. v. Walsh, 193 U.S. 460 (1904)

Cosmopolitan Mining Company v. Walsh

No. 134

Argued January 20-21, 1904
Decided March 21, 1904
193 U.S. 460

ERROR TO THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE UNITED

STATES FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO

Syllabus

If a case does not really involve the construction or application of the Constitution of the United States in the sense in which that phrase is employed in the Judiciary Act of 1891, this Court is precluded from examining the merits on writ of error.

Whether the case should go to the circuit court of appeals or be brought directly to this Court must be determined from the record, and there is no authority for the trial judge’s making a certificate that the application and construction of the Constitution of the United States were involved in the action.

The contention that, under the laws of a state, it was essential to the legality of service upon an alleged agent of a corporation that the corporation should have been doing business within the state and the agent residing within the county named as his place of residence in the appointment does not require the construction of the Constitution of the United States, but simply calls for the construction of the constitution and laws of the state or the application of the principles of general law.

The Cosmopolitan Mining Company was incorporated under the laws of the Maine in June, 1884, for the purposes of

buying, selling, leasing, working, developing and improving gold, silver, copper or other mines, and purchasing and holding such other property as may be necessary or convenient.

Soon after such incorporation, the mining company -- as we shall hereafter call the plaintiff in error -- became the owner of mining claims, consisting of lodes and millsites, situated in the County of Ouray, Colorado.

The Constitution of Colorado (Art. XV, sec. 10) provided that

no foreign corporation shall do any business in this state without having one or more known places of business and an authorized agent or agents in the same, upon whom process may be served.

The statutes of the state required that, before a foreign corporation should be permitted to do any business in Colorado, it should make a certificate, signed by its president and secretary, duly acknowledged, and file the same with the Secretary of State and in the office of the recorder of deeds in each county in which business was to be carried on, designating the principal place where the business of such corporation was to be conducted in the state and also naming an authorized agent or agents in the state, residing in the principal place of business of the corporation, upon whom process might be served. Mills’ Ann.Stat. sec. 499. In compliance with the foregoing requirements, the mining company filed on February 10, 1886, a certificate in the office of the Secretary of Colorado and in the office of each of the recorders of Ouray and Cumberland Counties, designating the County of Ouray as the principal place where the business of the corporation was to be carried on, and naming J. M. Jardine as the agent upon whom process might be served.

In the months of April and May, 1895, actions were brought in the County Court of Ouray County by the A. W. Begole Mercantile Company, John Ashenfelter, P. H. Fennell and William C. Fulton, to recover from the mining company sums aggregating about $1,250, alleged to be due for labor performed and merchandise furnished to the mining company in the Colorado in the years 1893 and 1894. In each complaint, it was alleged that the mining company was a corporation

duly incorporated and organized under and by virtue of the laws of the Maine, with its principal office in the Colorado, in the City of Ouray, in said Ouray County.

The Begole action was first instituted, and an attachment was issued and levied upon the real property of the mining company in Ouray County, being the mining claims heretofore referred to. In the complaints in the Ashenfelter and Fennell actions, the fact of the levy of an attachment in the Begole case was recited, and the court was asked to make Ashenfelter and Fennell parties plaintiff in that action, and to give them like remedies against the mining company "as the law gives to the original plaintiff in said action." Writs of attachment were also issued in the Ashenfelter and Fennell actions, and were levied in the same manner as was the writ of attachment in the Begole case. In each of the three actions last referred to, a copy of the writ of attachment and of the summons and complaint were served in San Miguel County, Colorado, upon J. M. Jardine, described in the return of the sheriff as the "duly authorized agent for the within-named company" (the Cosmopolitan Mining Company). The complaint in the Fulton case contained no reference to the levy of an attachment in the Begole action, and the plaintiff did not ask to be made a party to the action. Although a writ of attachment was issued in the Fulton case, it was not shown to have been levied. A copy, however, of the writ as also of the summons and complaint was served upon Jardine, described as in the returns in the other cases.

Judgments were entered in each of these county court actions, and in each judgment there was embodied an order "that the attachment herein be sustained, and a special execution issue." On the files, in the Begole action, was placed what was termed a "prorating order," entitled in the Begole action, and therein was recited the recovery of judgments in the Ashenfelter, Fennell and Fulton actions, and that it appeared to the court that property belonging to the defendant company "was attached for the purpose of satisfying such judgments as might be obtained by the several plaintiffs against the said company." There was also contained therein direction to the Sheriff of Ouray County "to sell the above described property or so much thereof as shall be necessary to satisfy said several judgments, together with the costs and interest thereon." Special writs of execution were issued, and the attached property was sold to one J. C. Marsh, as trustee for the several judgment creditors. In each case, it was stated on the return on the writ of execution that the particular judgment had been fully satisfied.

Marsh received a certificate of purchase, and afterwards assigned the same to Stephen A. Osborn, and on May 25, 1896, the period of redemption having expired, a sheriff’s deed was executed and delivered to Osborn. On June 16, 1896, Osborn conveyed the property to Walsh, the defendant in error herein.

On March 1, 1897, Walsh brought an action against the mining company and Jardine in the District Court of Ouray County, Colorado, to quiet his title to the property thus acquired. It was alleged that the mining company was a corporation of the Maine, organized for the purpose, among others, of carrying on the mining business in the County of Ouray and State of Colorado, and that, by certificate, dated December 16, 1885, and recorded January 21, 1886, Jardine had been "duly appointed as the authorized agent of the defendant company, upon whom process might be served." The proceedings in the Begole, Ashenfelter and Fennell actions were set forth, as also the acquisition by Walsh under the same title of the property in question. It was averred that the defendants claimed an interest in the property, and it was prayed that they might be required to set up such claims, and that it might be adjudged that the defendants did not have any interest in the property. Return was made of service of the summons and complaint on Jardine individually, and on the mining company,

by delivering to John M. Jardine, the duly authorized agent of the defendant company, and designated by it as the person upon whom service would be served.

Jardine filed a disclaimer of interest, and judgment was entered against the mining company by default. In that judgment, it was recited that entry of the default of the mining company had been made "for the failure of the said defendant to plead as required by law, after due service of summons upon it in manner and form as by law provided;" that the plaintiff had been sworn as a witness in the case, and that the court had heard the testimony given by the plaintiff and inspected the records, deeds and documents offered in evidence. After next finding the facts to be as they were averred in the complaint of Walsh, the court decreed as follows:

It is therefore considered, adjudged and decreed by the court that the said defendants have not, nor have either of them, any right, title, interest, claim or demand in or to any part of the premises above described, and that the pretended claim of the defendant, The Cosmopolitan Mining Company, in and to said premises is wholly without right or justification in law. That the plaintiff is the owner and in the possession of the premises and mining claims above described and entitled to the quiet and peaceable possession of said mining claims and each of them.

The present action was brought on November 3, 1900, in the Circuit Court of the United States for the District of Colorado by the mining company, to recover possession of the real property purported to have been sold under the judgments in the county court actions. Diversity of citizenship of the parties was alleged in the complaint, and the property in controversy was averred to exceed $2,000 in value. It was further charged that the plaintiff had been ousted of the possession of the property claimed by it on May 25, 1896, the date of the sheriff’s deed under the sales on execution. The answer contained a general denial, and special defenses, one of which set out the various proceedings in the county court actions brought by Begole et al. and the other proceedings by which title to the property in dispute was claimed to be vested in Walsh. The judgment rendered in the action to quiet title was also specially pleaded, and there were averments of facts alleged to constitute estoppel. A replication and amended replication were filed to this answer. It was alleged in substance that, prior to the service made upon Jardine, in the actions referred to in the answer of Walsh, the mining company was not doing business in the State of Colorado, and that in those actions no service of process had been made upon it, hence the Colorado courts acted without jurisdiction, and consequently

the plaintiff has been and is being deprived of its property, viz: the property sought to be recovered in this action without notice, hearing, opportunity to be heard, or due process of law, and in violation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States.

The action was tried to a jury. The case in chief for the mining company consisted of documentary evidence, exhibiting title in the mining company to the property in controversy at the date of the alleged ouster. The evidence for the defendant consisted of a certified copy of the statutory designation of Jardine as agent of the mining company, the judgment records in the various actions relied upon, tax deeds covering two of the millsites enumerated in the complaint, and oral testimony. Objection was made to the admission in evidence of the judgment records substantially upon the following grounds: 1. That the records of the judgments in the county court actions did not on their face show the appointment of Jardine as the agent of the mining company, and therefore there was nothing in the records to show that service had been made upon a proper agent of the corporation. 2. That even if the fact of the statutory designation by the corporation of Jardine as its agent could be incorporated into the records and considered, as it was not shown that at the time of the service the corporation was doing business in the state, jurisdiction over the company was not acquired by the service upon Jardine. 3. That, in any event, as the service of process in the county court actions had been had upon Jardine in another county than the one mentioned in the statutory appointment as the place of residence of Jardine, the service was void. 4. That, as there was then no evidence of personal service on the corporation through its agent, the mere levy of a writ of attachment was insufficient to confer jurisdiction and to authorize the court to enter judgment and direct a sale of the attached property. These objections, it was insisted, established that the judgments recovered against the corporation were rendered without due process of law and in violation of the Constitution of the United States. The offer of the judgment record in the action to quiet title was also objected to because it was not shown that the company was doing business in Colorado at the time of service of Jardine, and therefore the service on him was void, and further because the court in its judgment or decree did not purport to direct a conveyance, but simply attempted by such judgment or decree to establish title. Treating the actions in the county court as being in personam, and not in rem, the objections were finally overruled by the trial judge, and all the judgment records were admitted in evidence except the record in the Fulton case. The judgment records in the county court actions were admitted on the ground that it sufficiently appeared from the records that the mining corporation at the time the actions were brought was doing business in the Colorado. The record in the Fulton case was excluded because of a deficiency in this particular. The court admitted the records in the action to quiet title because it appeared that the mining company was alleged in the complaint not only to have been authorized to carry on business in the Colorado, but to have been formed for that purpose, and its appointment of a statutory agent was a consent to be served through such agent.

Following the introduction of these records and in support of the defense of estoppel, evidence was offered on behalf of the defendant tending to show the expenditure made by him in connection with the property subsequent to his acquisition of title, but the court held the same to be inadmissible.

In rebuttal, the plaintiff offered in evidence from the record in the Begole action a writing signed by Jardine, in effect notifying the court that he did not reside in Ouray County and disclaiming being an agent of the mining company, and also asking the court to quash the service made on him of the summons and writ of attachment. The paper was not admitted in evidence, and an exception was taken to its exclusion. Two witnesses were next examined on behalf of the mining company for the purpose of establishing that the company maintained no office and was not doing business in the County of Ouray at the time of the service of process in the actions referred to in the answer. No attempt, however, was made to prove that there had been an express revocation of the statutory designation of Jardine as agent to receive service of process. The testimony of the two witnesses above referred to tended to show that the mining company had never any established office in Ouray other than that of its statutory agent, while he resided in Ouray; that the mines of the company were situated some six or seven miles from Ouray, and had been worked up to a short time before the bringing of the actions which resulted in a sale of the property. But one witness -- the sheriff of the county -- testified concerning the operation of the mines, and he was not shown to possess definite knowledge as to when operations ceased. No testimony was introduced to show whether the suspension of operations, if entire, was intended to be permanent or was merely temporary. The court overruled a motion on behalf of the defendant to strike out the testimony of these witnesses, but in doing so observed that it would instruct in view of the testimony.

Thereupon counsel for the plaintiff asked the court to direct the jury to find for the plaintiff except as to two millsites which were covered by tax deeds to Walsh, and to the overruling of this motion the mining company excepted. The court then of its own motion instructed the jury as follows:

Gentlemen of the Jury: In the view the court takes of this case, it becomes a question of law, and the court will instruct you to find a verdict in favor of the defendant and that the defendant is entitled to possession of the demanded premises.

On the verdict, and after overruling a motion for a new trial, judgment was entered. A writ of error from this Court was thereupon allowed by the trial judge, who made and signed a certificate reciting

that in the pleadings in this action as well as in the rulings of this court in admitting and refusing to admit evidence, and in giving and refusing to give instructions to the jury as set forth in the assignment of errors hereto annexed, there were involved the application and construction of the Constitution of the United States, viz., of the part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the same, which provides for due process of law.