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Handbook . . .
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Historical SummaryIn the Hupa language the character of the evidence for a statement regarding actions is indicated in the form of the verb, as also the hypothetical, contingent, and qualified character of actions:
Suffixes are employed indicating the source of authority for a statement. That which is perceived by the sense of hearing, for example, has a suffix for past time and another for present time. When the transaction is in sight another suffix is used. Things which are conjectured from circumstantial evidence, as the building of a fire from the remains of one, have -xolan added to the verb, and the word has the meaning, "they must have built a fire for here are the ashes." Future acts which are contingent on human will or outward circumstances are rendered by the suffix -de. Attempted but unsuccessful acts have xow, an adverb, inserted before the verb, while an act successful after several vain or inefficient trials has -ei suffixed to the verb.4
4Goddard, P.E.n/an/an/an/a, "Athapascan," in Boas, , 1: 105–106 (résumé).
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Chicago: Boas, ed., "Handbook . . .," Handbook . . . in Primitive Behavior: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, ed. Thomas, William I. (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937), Original Sources, accessed September 20, 2024, http://originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=AASLJDB4XJG5ZVK.
MLA: . "Handbook . . ." Handbook . . ., edited by Boas, Vol. 1, in Primitive Behavior: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, edited by Thomas, William I., New York, McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., 1937, Original Sources. 20 Sep. 2024. http://originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=AASLJDB4XJG5ZVK.
Harvard: (ed.), 'Handbook . . .' in Handbook . . .. cited in 1937, Primitive Behavior: An Introduction to the Social Sciences, ed. , McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc., New York. Original Sources, retrieved 20 September 2024, from http://originalsources.com/Document.aspx?DocID=AASLJDB4XJG5ZVK.
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